一般來說，除非是壞到不行，不然很難察覺到硬碟出問題。下面的指令用來檢查硬碟狀態，還有硬碟相關資訊，列表會用到的指令：
- smartctl -H /dev/sda
- smartctl -a /dev/sda
- hdparm -I /dev/sda
- hdparm -Tt /dev/sda
如果說系統上有很多個硬碟，或是不知道系統上面裝幾個硬碟，可以用下面指令：
- for i in sd{a..c}; do dev=/dev/$i; echo $dev; smartctl -H $dev | grep -e 'Health Status' -e 'overall-health'; done
- for i in `lsblk -io NAME,TYPE | grep disk | cut -d' ' -f1 | sort`; do dev=/dev/$i; echo $dev; smartctl -H $dev | grep overall-health; done
第一行的意思是有sda, sdb, sdc三個硬碟要測試健康程度，需安裝smartmontools這套件
smartctl查看硬碟S.M.A.R.T資訊
# smartctl -H /dev/sda=== START OF READ SMART DATA SECTION ===
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
這邊看到PASSED可以安心使用，如想知道更詳細內容
# smartctl -a /dev/sda
== START OF INFORMATION SECTION === 硬碟硬體的相關資訊
Model Family: Hitachi Deskstar 7K3000 (廠牌型號）
Device Model: Hitachi HDS723020BLA642
Serial Number: 硬碟序號
LU WWN Device Id: 5 000cca 369d132fc
Firmware Version: MN6OA580
User Capacity: 2,000,398,934,016 bytes [2.00 TB] (硬碟大小)
Sector Size: 512 bytes logical/physical
Device is: In smartctl database [for details use: -P show]
ATA Version is: 8
ATA Standard is: ATA-8-ACS revision 4
Local Time is: Wed Feb 17 19:39:18 2016 CST
SMART support is: Available - device has SMART capability.
SMART support is: Enabled
SMART overall-health self-assessment test result: PASSED
General SMART Values:
Offline data collection status: (0x84) Offline data collection activity
was suspended by an interrupting command from host.
Auto Offline Data Collection: Enabled.
Self-test execution status: ( 0) The previous self-test routine completed
without error or no self-test has ever
been run.
Total time to complete Offline
data collection: (19665) seconds.
Offline data collection
capabilities: (0x5b) SMART execute Offline immediate.
Auto Offline data collection on/off support.
Suspend Offline collection upon new
command.
Offline surface scan supported.
Self-test supported.
No Conveyance Self-test supported.
Selective Self-test supported.
SMART capabilities: (0x0003) Saves SMART data before entering
power-saving mode.
Supports SMART auto save timer.
Error logging capability: (0x01) Error logging supported.
General Purpose Logging supported.
Short self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 1) minutes.
Extended self-test routine
recommended polling time: ( 255) minutes.
SCT capabilities: (0x003d) SCT Status supported.
SCT Error Recovery Control supported.
SCT Feature Control supported.
SCT Data Table supported.
從這邊開始才是詳細資料，有註解的部分要注意一點
SMART Attributes Data Structure revision number: 16
Vendor Specific SMART Attributes with Thresholds:
ID# ATTRIBUTE_NAME FLAG VALUE WORST THRESH TYPE UPDATED WHEN_FAILED RAW_VALUE
1 Raw_Read_Error_Rate 0x000b 100 100 016 Pre-fail Always - 0 (底層資料讀取錯誤率，越小越好)
2 Throughput_Performance 0x0005 135 135 054 Pre-fail Offline - 86
3 Spin_Up_Time 0x0007 150 150 024 Pre-fail Always - 410 (Average 356)
4 Start_Stop_Count 0x0012 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 63
5 Reallocated_Sector_Ct 0x0033 100 100 005 Pre-fail Always - 0 (重定位磁區計數，所謂的壞軌應該是看這邊，越小越好)
7 Seek_Error_Rate 0x000b 100 100 067 Pre-fail Always - 0
8 Seek_Time_Performance 0x0005 133 133 020 Pre-fail Offline - 27
9 Power_On_Hours 0x0012 095 095 000 Old_age Always - 37459
10 Spin_Retry_Count 0x0013 100 100 060 Pre-fail Always - 0 (電機起轉重試，讓硬碟轉的馬達重新啟動的次數，越小越好)
12 Power_Cycle_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 63
192 Power-Off_Retract_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 116
193 Load_Cycle_Count 0x0012 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 116
194 Temperature_Celsius 0x0002 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 30 (Min/Max 23/47) (硬碟溫度)
196 Reallocated_Event_Count 0x0032 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0 (重定位事件計數，越小越好)
197 Current_Pending_Sector 0x0022 100 100 000 Old_age Always - 0 (等候重定的磁區計數，不穩定磁區的數目，越小越好)
198 Offline_Uncorrectable 0x0008 100 100 000 Old_age Offline - 0 (無法校正的磁區計數，壞掉磁區的數目，越小越好)
199 UDMA_CRC_Error_Count 0x000a 200 200 000 Old_age Always - 0
更加詳盡的S.M.A.R.T.的屬性說明參考中文的維基百科，注意粉色底部分超出安全範圍對效能會有嚴重影響
hdparm查看硬碟資訊
# hdparm -I /dev/sda
/dev/sda:
ATA device, with non-removable media
Model Number: Hitachi HDS723020BLA642 (廠牌型號)
Serial Number: 硬碟序號
Firmware Revision: MN6OA580
Transport: Serial, ATA8-AST, SATA 1.0a, SATA II Extensions, SATA Rev 2.5, SATA Rev 2.6; Revision: ATA8-AST T13 Project D1697 Revision 0b
Standards:
Used: unknown (minor revision code 0x0029)
Supported: 8 7 6 5
Likely used: 8
Configuration:
Logical max current
cylinders 16383 16383
heads 16 16
sectors/track 63 63
--
CHS current addressable sectors: 16514064
LBA user addressable sectors: 268435455
LBA48 user addressable sectors: 3907029168
Logical Sector size: 512 bytes
Physical Sector size: 512 bytes
device size with M = 1024*1024: 1907729 MBytes
device size with M = 1000*1000: 2000398 MBytes (2000 GB) (容量)
cache/buffer size = unknown
Form Factor: 3.5 inch (硬碟實體大小)
Nominal Media Rotation Rate: 7200 (硬碟轉速)
Capabilities:
LBA, IORDY(can be disabled)
Queue depth: 32
Standby timer values: spec'd by Standard, no device specific minimum
R/W multiple sector transfer: Max = 16 Current = 0
Advanced power management level: disabled
DMA: mdma0 mdma1 mdma2 udma0 udma1 udma2 udma3 udma4 udma5 *udma6
Cycle time: min=120ns recommended=120ns
PIO: pio0 pio1 pio2 pio3 pio4
Cycle time: no flow control=120ns IORDY flow control=120ns
Commands/features:
Enabled Supported: (硬碟支援的功能)
* SMART feature set
Security Mode feature set
* Power Management feature set
* Write cache
* Look-ahead
* Host Protected Area feature set
* WRITE_BUFFER command
* READ_BUFFER command
* NOP cmd
* DOWNLOAD_MICROCODE
Advanced Power Management feature set
Power-Up In Standby feature set
* SET_FEATURES required to spinup after power up
SET_MAX security extension
* 48-bit Address feature set
* Device Configuration Overlay feature set
* Mandatory FLUSH_CACHE
* FLUSH_CACHE_EXT
* SMART error logging
* SMART self-test
Media Card Pass-Through
* General Purpose Logging feature set
* WRITE_{DMA|MULTIPLE}_FUA_EXT
* 64-bit World wide name
* URG for READ_STREAM[_DMA]_EXT
* URG for WRITE_STREAM[_DMA]_EXT
* WRITE_UNCORRECTABLE_EXT command
* {READ,WRITE}_DMA_EXT_GPL commands
* Segmented DOWNLOAD_MICROCODE
unknown 119[7]
* Gen1 signaling speed (1.5Gb/s)
* Gen2 signaling speed (3.0Gb/s)
* Gen3 signaling speed (6.0Gb/s)
* Native Command Queueing (NCQ)
* Host-initiated interface power management
* Phy event counters
* NCQ priority information
Non-Zero buffer offsets in DMA Setup FIS
* DMA Setup Auto-Activate optimization
Device-initiated interface power management
In-order data delivery
* Software settings preservation
* SMART Command Transport (SCT) feature set
* SCT LBA Segment Access (AC2)
* SCT Error Recovery Control (AC3)
* SCT Features Control (AC4)
* SCT Data Tables (AC5)
Security:
Master password revision code = 65534
supported
not enabled
not locked
not frozen
not expired: security count
not supported: enhanced erase
444min for SECURITY ERASE UNIT.
Logical Unit WWN Device Identifier: 5000cca369d132fc
NAA : 5
IEEE OUI : 000cca
Unique ID : 369d132fc
Checksum: correct
#hdparm -Tt /dev/sda
/dev/sda:
Timing cached reads: 6552 MB in 2.00 seconds = 3277.54 MB/sec
Timing buffered disk reads: 446 MB in 3.01 seconds = 148.40 MB/sec
第一個速度(-T)是無關硬碟，是系統processor, cache, and memory of the system under test. 意思就是理論上這個系統讀取硬碟最快的速度。在這邊系統可以到3278 MB/s
第二個速度(-t)關於硬碟循序讀取的速度。This measurement is an indication of how fast the drive can sustain sequential data reads under Linux, without any filesystem overhead. 在這邊這個硬碟循序讀取是148 MB/s
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